Table 4.6 Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease from Cardiovascular Diseases,,,,,
,,,World,,
Disease,Deaths,"Proportion of global disease burden (%) [total: 1.54 billion DALYs(3,0)]",PAFs for individual risk factors for mortality (first number) and disease burden (second number),Joint PAF – mortality (%),Joint PAF – disease burden (%)
Ischemic heart disease,"7,060,851",5.5,"High blood pressure (47%; 45%), high cholesterol (45%; 48%), smoking (12%; 17%), overweight and obesity (15%; 18%), alcohol use (1%; 2%), physical inactivity (19%; 21%), low fruit and vegetable intake (25%; 28%), urban air pollution (3%; 2%)a",79,80
Stroke,"5,387,500",4.7,"High blood pressure (54%; 54%), high cholesterol (13%; 16%), smoking (8%; 13%), overweight and obesity (8%; 12%), alcohol use (2%; 3%), physical inactivity (6%; 7%), low fruit and vegetable intake (9%; 11%), urban air pollution (3%; 2%)a",60,65
Hypertensive disease,"888,144",0.7,"High blood pressure (79%; 75%), overweight and obesity (29%; 33%), alcohol use (15%; 15%), urban air pollution (3%; 2%)a",85,83
Selected other cardiovascular diseasesb,"2,335,514",1.8,"High blood pressure (28%; 24%), smoking (14%; 12%)",37,33
All cardiovascular diseases,"16,386,531",13.5,"High blood pressure (46%; 44%), high cholesterol (24%; 25%), smoking (10%; 13%), overweight and obesity (11%; 13%), alcohol use (2%; 3%), physical inactivity (10%; 11%), low fruit and vegetable intake (14%; 15%), urban air pollution (2%; 2%)a",63,64
Low- and middle-income countries,,,,,
Disease,Deaths,"Proportion of regional disease burden (%) [total: 1.39 billion DALYs(3,0)]",PAFs for individual risk factors for mortality (first number) and disease burden (second number),Joint PAF – mortality (%),Joint PAF – disease burden (%)
Ischemic heart disease,"5,696,844",5.2,"High blood pressure (47%; 44%), high cholesterol (43%; 46%), smoking (11%; 15%), overweight and obesity (14%; 16%), alcohol use (4%; 4%), physical inactivity (20%; 21%), low fruit and vegetable intake (27%; 30%), urban air pollution (4%; 2%)a",78,80
Stroke,"4,606,426",4.5,"High blood pressure (54%; 54%), high cholesterol (12%; 15%), smoking (8%; 12%), overweight and obesity (7%; 10%), alcohol use (5%; 5%), physical inactivity (6%; 6%), low fruit and vegetable intake (10%; 11%), urban air pollution (4%; 2%)a",61,64
Hypertensive disease,"759,487",0.7,"High blood pressure (79%; 75%), overweight and obesity (28%; 31%), alcohol use (14%; 14%), urban air pollution (4%; 2%)a",84,82
Selected other cardiovascular diseasesb,"1,659,570",1.6,"High blood pressure (27%; 23%), smoking (9%; 9%)",33,29
All cardiovascular diseases,"13,347,471",12.9,"High blood pressure (47%; 44%), high cholesterol (23%; 24%), smoking (9%; 11%), overweight and obesity (10%; 12%), alcohol use (4%; 4%), physical inactivity (10%; 11%), low fruit and vegetable intake (15%; 16%), urban air pollution (3%; 2%)a",64,63
High-income countries,,,,,
Disease,Deaths,"Proportion of regional disease burden (%) [total; 142.9 million DALYs(3,0)]",PAFs for individual risk factors for mortality (first number) and disease burden (second number),Joint PAF – mortality (%),Joint PAF – disease burden (%)
Ischemic heart disease,"1,364,007",8.3,"High blood pressure (49%; 48%), high cholesterol (52%; 57%), smoking (15%; 23%), overweight and obesity (19%; 27%), alcohol use (–12%; –13%), physical inactivity (19%; 21%), low fruit and vegetable intake (16%; 19%), urban air pollution (2%; 1%)a",80,84
Stroke,"781,074",6.3,"High blood pressure (54%; 56%), high cholesterol (17%; 25%), smoking (10%; 21%), overweight and obesity (12%; 20%), alcohol use (–13%; –11%), physical inactivity (6%; 8%), low fruit and vegetable intake (6%; 9%), urban air pollution (2%; 1%)a",54,68
Hypertensive disease,"128,657",0.8,"High blood pressure (84%; 82%), overweight and obesity (38%; 45%), alcohol use (23%; 24%), urban air pollution (2%; 1%)a",91,91
Selected other cardiovascular diseasesb,"675,944",3.8,"High blood pressure (29%; 29%), smoking (26%; 25%)",48,46
All cardiovascular diseases,"3,039,060",20.00,"High blood pressure (46%; 46%), high cholesterol (28%; 32%), smoking (15%; 21%), overweight and obesity (13%; 19%), alcohol use (–8%; –8%), physical inactivity (10%; 11%), low fruit and vegetable intake (9%; 11%), urban air pollution (1%; 1%)a",64,69
Source: Authors’ calculations. ,,,,,
Note: Risk factors are those listed in table 4.1. ,,,,,
a. Affected by urban air pollution in the category “cardiopulmonary diseases.” The PAFs for individual causes have large uncertainty.,,,,,
"b. This category includes ICD-9 three-digit codes 415–417, 423–424, 426–429, 440–448, 451–459.",,,,,