Table 4.5 Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to Mortality and Burden of Disease from Site-Specific Cancers,,,,,
World,,,,,
Cancer type,Deaths,"Proportion of global disease burden (%) [total: 1.54 billion DALYs(3,0)]",PAFs for individual risk factors for mortality (first number) and disease burden (second number),Joint PAF – mortality (%),Joint PAF – disease burden (%)
Mouth and oropharynx,"311,633",0.30,"Alcohol use (16%; 18%), smoking (42%; 42%)",52,54
Esophagus,"437,511",0.39,"Alcohol use (26%; 27%), smoking (42%; 42%), low fruit and vegetable intake (18%; 19%)",62,63
Stomach,"841,693",0.73,"Smoking (13%; 13%), low fruit and vegetable intake (18%; 19%)",28,30
Colon and rectal,"613,740",0.53,"Overweight and obesity (11%; 12%), physical inactivity (15%; 16%), low fruit and vegetable intake (2%; 2%)",13,14
Liver,"606,441",0.59,"Smoking (14%; 14%), alcohol use (25%; 25%), contaminated injections in health care setting (18%; 19%)",47,47
Pancreas,"226,981",0.19,Smoking (22%; 22%),22,22
"Trachea, bronchus, and lung","1,226,574",1.04,"Smoking (70%; 67%), low fruit and vegetable intake (11%; 12%), indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels (1%; 1%), urban air pollution (5%; 5%)",76,74
Breast,"472,424",0.52,"Alcohol use (5%; 5%), overweight and obesity (9%; 8%), physical inactivity (10%; 10%)",21,19
Cervix uteri,"234,728",0.27,"Smoking (2%; 2%), unsafe sex (100%; 100%)a",100,100
Corpus uteri,"70,881",0.10,Overweight and obesity (40%; 46%),40,42
Bladder,"175,318",0.14,Smoking (28%; 27%),28,27
Leukemia,"263,169",0.32,Smoking (9%; 6%),9,6
Selected other neoplasmsb,"145,802",0.14,Alcohol use (6%; 5%),6,5
All other neoplasms,"1,391,507",1.27,None of the selected risk factors,0,0
All cancers,"7,018,402",6.53,"Alcohol use (5%; 5%), smoking (21%; 21%), low fruit and vegetable intake (5%; 5%), indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels ( 0.5%; 0.5%), urban air pollution (1%; 1%), overweight and obesity (2%; 2%), physical inactivity (2%; 2%), contaminated injections in health care setting (2%; 2%), unsafe sex (3%; 4%)",35,34
Low- and middle-income countries,,,,,
Cancer type,Deaths,"Proportion of regional disease burden (%) [total: 1.39 billion DALYs(3,0)]",PAFs for individual risk factors for mortality (first number) and disease burden (second number),Joint PAF – mortality (%),Joint PAF – disease burden (%)
Mouth and oropharynx,"271,074",0.29,"Alcohol use (14%; 15%), smoking (37%; 39%)",48,50
Esophagus,"379,760",0.38,"Alcohol use (24%; 25%), smoking (37%; 39%), low fruit and vegetable intake (19%; 20%)",58,60
Stomach,"695,426",0.69,"Smoking (11%; 11%), low fruit and vegetable intake (19%; 20%)",27,29
Colon and rectal,"356,949",0.36,"Overweight and obesity (9%; 9%), physical inactivity (15%; 16%), low fruit and vegetable intake (2%; 3%)",11,12
Liver,"504,407",0.57,"Smoking (11%; 12%), alcohol use (23%; 24%), contaminated injections in health care setting (21%; 22%)",45,46
Pancreas,"116,827",0.12,Smoking (15%; 16%),15,16
"Trachea, bronchus, and lung","770,938",0.77,"Smoking (60%; 59%), low fruit and vegetable intake (13%; 13%), indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels (2%; 2%), urban air pollution (7%; 7%)",69,68
Breast,"317,195",0.40,"Alcohol use (4%; 4%), overweight and obesity (7%; 7%), physical inactivity (10%; 10%)",18,17
Cervix uteri,"218,064",0.27,"Smoking (2%; 2%), unsafe sex (100%; 100%)a",100,100
Corpus uteri,"43,926",0.07,Overweight and obesity (37%; 39%),37,39
Bladder,"116,682",0.11,Smoking (21%; 21%),21,21
Leukemia,"190,059",0.28,Smoking (6%; 4%),6,4
Selected other neoplasmsb,"88,706",0.11,Alcohol use (4%; 4%),4,4
All other neoplasms,"882,001",0.95,None of the selected risk factors,0,0
All cancers,"4,952,014",5.37,"Alcohol use (5%; 6%), smoking (18%; 19%), low fruit and vegetable intake (6%; 6%), indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels (0.5%; 0.5%), urban air pollution (1%; 1%), overweight and obesity (1%; 2%), physical inactivity (2%;2%), contaminated injections in health care setting (2%; 2%), unsafe sex (4%; 5%)",34,34
High-income countries,,,,,
Cancer type,Deaths,"Proportion of regional disease burden (%) [total: 149.2 million DALYs(3,0)]",PAFs for individual risk factors for mortality (first number) and disease burden (second number),Joint PAF – mortality (%),Joint PAF – disease burden (%)
Mouth and oropharynx,"40,559",0.39,"Alcohol use (33%; 35%), smoking (71%; 71%)",80,80
Esophagus,"57,752",0.47,"Alcohol use (41%; 43%), smoking (71%; 71%), low fruit and vegetable intake (12%; 13%)",85,86
Stomach,"146,267",1.09,"Smoking (25%; 25%), low fruit and vegetable intake (12%; 13%)",34,35
Colon and rectal,"256,791",2.13,"Overweight and obesity (14%; 15%), physical inactivity (14%; 16%), low fruit and vegetable intake (1%; 2%)",15,17
Liver,"102,033",0.82,"Smoking (29%; 29%), alcohol use (32%; 33%), contaminated injections in health care setting (3%; 4%)",52,54
Pancreas,"110,154",0.83,Smoking (30%; 30%),30,30
"Trachea, bronchus, and lung","455,636",3.62,"Smoking (86%; 84%), low fruit and vegetable intake (8%; 9%), indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels (0%; 0%), urban air pollution (3%; 3%)",87,86
Breast,"155,230",1.68,"Alcohol use (9%; 9%), overweight and obesity (13%; 12%), physical inactivity (9%; 10%)",27,26
Cervix uteri,"16,663",0.21,"Smoking (11%; 10%), unsafe sex (100%; 100%)a",100,100
Corpus uteri,"26,955",0.39,Overweight and obesity (43%; 46%),43,46
Bladder,"58,636",0.45,Smoking (41%; 41%),41,41
Leukemia,"73,110",0.62,Smoking (17%; 15%),17,15
Selected other neoplasmsb,"57,095",0.37,Alcohol use (8%; 9%),8,9
All other neoplasms,"509,507",4.28,None of the selected risk factors,0,0
All cancers,"2,066,388",17.35,"Alcohol use (4%; 5%), smoking (29%; 29%), low fruit and vegetable intake (3%; 3%), indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels (0%; 0%), urban air pollution (1%; 1%), overweight and obesity (3%; 4%), physical inactivity (2%; 3%), contaminated injections in health care setting (0.5%; 0.5%), unsafe sex (1%; 1%)",37,37
Source: Authors’ calculations.,,,,,
Note: Risk factors are those listed in table 4.1. ,,,,,
"a. Currently, a proportion of human papilloma virus (HPV) infections that lead to cervix uteri cancer are transmitted through routes other than sexual contact. The PAF for unsafe sex, as defined in the CRA project (Slaymaker and others 2004), measures the current population-level cervix cancer mortality that would be reduced, had there never been any sexual transmission of infection (that is, the consequences of past and current exposure, as we do for accumulated hazards of smoking). By considering the health consequences of past and current exposure, nearly all sexually transmitted diseases are attributable to unsafe sex. This is because, in the absence of sexual transmission in the past, current infections transmitted through other forms of contact would not occur if the infected hosts acquired their infection sexually (and so on in the sequence of past infected hosts).",,,,,
b. This category includes neoplasms under the ICD-9 three-digit codes 210–239.,,,,,