Table 4.4 Individual and Joint Contributions of Risk Factors to 10 Leading Diseases and Total Burden of Disease ,,,,,,
World ,,,,,,
Disease ,"Proportion of global disease burden (%) [total: 1.54 billion DALYs(3,0)] ",Proportion of global mortality (%) (total: 56.2 million deaths),PAFs for individual risk factors (for disease burden) ,Joint PAF – disease burden (%),Joint PAF – mortality (%) ,
Lower respiratory infections,5.6,6.7,Childhood underweight (37%); zinc deficiency (15%); indoor smoke from solid fuels (35%); smoking (4%)a; urban air pollution (1%)b,53,42,
Ischemic heart disease,5.5,12.6,High blood pressure (45%); high cholesterol (48%); overweight and obesity (18%); low fruit and vegetable intake (28%); physical inactivity (21%); smoking (17%); alcohol use (2%); urban air pollution (2%)b,80,79,
Stroke,4.7,9.6,High blood pressure (54%); high cholesterol (16%); overweight and obesity (12%); low fruit and vegetable intake (11%); physical inactivity (7%); smoking (13%); alcohol use (3%); urban air pollution (3%)b,65,60,
HIV/AIDS,4.7,4.6,Unsafe sex (95%); contaminated injections in health care settings (5%); illicit drug use (3%),96,96,
Diarrheal diseases,3.9,3.2,"Childhood underweight (50%); vitamin A deficiency (22%); zinc deficiency (12%); unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (88%)",92,93,
Unipolar depressive disorders,3.4,0.0,Alcohol use (2%); childhood sexual abuse (5%) ,6,NAc,
Low birthweight,2.8,2.3,Iron-deficiency anemia (14%); alcohol use (0.5%) ,16,17,
Malaria,2.6,2.1,Childhood underweight (51%); vitamin A deficiency (19%); zinc deficiency (22%),59,61,
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,2.5,4.8,Indoor smoke from solid fuels (30%); urban air pollution (2%)b; smoking (44%) ,64,62,
Tuberculosis,2.4,2.9,Smoking (4%)a,9,10,
"Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions",36.5,32.3,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,46,47,
Noncommunicable diseases,52.6,58.5,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,33,49,
Injuries,10.9,9.2,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,15,18,
All causes,100,100,All 19 selected risks (see annex 4A) ,36,46
Low- and middle-income countries,,,,,
Disease ,"Proportion of global disease burden (%) [total: 1.39 billion DALYs(3,0)] ",Proportion of regional mortality (%) (total: 48.3 million deaths),PAFs for individual risk factors (for disease burden) ,Joint PAF – disease burden (%),Joint PAF – mortality (%) 
Lower respiratory infections ,6.0,7.0,Childhood underweight (38%); zinc deficiency (16%); indoor smoke from solid fuels (36%); smoking (4%)a; urban air pollution (4%)b ,54,44
Ischemic heart disease ,5.2,11.8,High blood pressure (44%); high cholesterol (46%); overweight and obesity (16%); low fruit and vegetable intake (30%); physical inactivity (21%); smoking (15%); alcohol use (4%); urban air pollution (2%)b ,80,78
HIV/AIDS ,5.1,5.3,Unsafe sex (95%); contaminated injections in health care settings (5%); illicit drug use (3%) ,97,97
Stroke ,4.5,9.5,High blood pressure (54%); high cholesterol (15%); overweight and obesity (10%); low fruit and vegetable intake (11%); physical inactivity (6%); smoking (12%); alcohol use (5%); urban air pollution (4%)b,64,61
Diarrheal diseases ,4.2,3.7,"Childhood underweight (56%); vitamin A deficiency (22%); zinc deficiency (12%); unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (88%) ",93,94
Unipolar major depression ,3.1,0.0,Alcohol use (1%); childhood sexual abuse (5%) ,6,NAc
Low birthweight ,3.1,2.7,Iron-deficiency anemia (14%); alcohol use (0.5%) ,16,17
Malaria ,2.9,2.5,Childhood underweight (51%); vitamin A deficiency (19%); zinc deficiency (22%) ,59,61
Tuberculosis ,2.6,3.3,Smoking (4%)c,9,10
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ,2.4,4.9,Indoor smoke from solid fuels (35%); urban air pollution (2%)b; smoking (40%),63,60
"Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions ",39.8,36.4,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,47,48
Noncommunicable diseases ,48.9,53.8,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,33,50
Injuries ,11.2,9.8,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,15,18
All causes ,100,100,All 19 selected risks (see annex 4A) ,36,46
High-income countries,,,,,
Disease ,"Proportion of regional disease burden (%) [total: 149.2 million DALYs(3,0)] ",Proportion of regional mortality (%) (total: 7.9 million deaths),PAFs for individual risk factors (for disease burden) ,Joint PAF – disease burden (%),Joint PAF – mortality (%) 
Ischemic heart disease ,8.3,17.3,High blood pressure (48%); high cholesterol (57%); overweight and obesity (27%); low fruit and vegetable intake (19%); physical inactivity (21%); smoking (23%); alcohol use (-13%); urban air pollution (1%)b,84,80
Stroke ,6.3,9.9,High blood pressure (56%); high cholesterol (25%); overweight and obesity (20%); low fruit and vegetable intake (9%); physical inactivity (8%); smoking (21%); alcohol use (-11%); urban air pollution (1%)b,68,54
Unipolar depressive disorders ,5.6,0.0,Alcohol use (4%); childhood sexual abuse (4%) ,7,NAc
Dementia and other degenerative and hereditary central nervous system disorders,5.0,2.6,None of the selected risks ,NA ,NA 
"Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers ",3.6,5.8,Indoor smoke from solid fuels (coal only) (0%); smoking (84%); low fruit and vegetable intake (9%); urban air pollution (3%)b,86,87
Hearing loss ,3.6,0.0,None of the selected risks ,NA ,NA 
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ,3.5,3.8,Indoor smoke from solid fuels (0%); urban air pollution (1%)b; smoking (73%),73,76
Diabetes mellitus ,2.8,2.6,Overweight and obesity (76%); physical inactivity (15%); smoking (4%)a; alcohol use (-5%) ,78,74
Alcohol use disorders ,2.8,0.3,Alcohol use (100%); childhood sexual abuse (6%) ,100,100
Osteoarthritis ,2.7,2.4,Overweight and obesity (20%); smoking (4%)a,20,NAc
"Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions ",5.7,7.0,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,18,18
Noncommunicable diseases ,86.7,87.0,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,37,48
Injuries ,7.5,6.0,Multiple risks (see annex 4A) ,21,22
All causes ,100,100,All 19 selected risks (see annex 4A) ,34,44
Source: Authors’ calculations. ,,,,,
Note: NA = not applicable. Risk factors are those listed in table 4.1. These factors also contribute to other diseases that are not among the leading 10. ,,,,,
"a. Affected by smoking in the category “other respiratory diseases” or “selected other medical causes” (Ezzati and Lopez 2003, 2004; Peto and others 1992). The PAF has large uncertainty. ",,,,,
b. Affected by urban air pollution in the category “cardiopulmonary diseases.” The PAF for individual causes has large uncertainty. ,,,,,
"c. The number of deaths coded to “hearing loss,” “unipolar depressive disorders,” “osteoarthritis,” and “dementia and other degenerative and hereditary central nervous system disorders” is zero or very small in the GBD database, making the mortality PAF for these diseases undefined or unstable.",,,,,
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