"Table 3A.5 GBD Cause Categories, Sequelae, and Case Definitions",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
GBD cause/sequela,Case definition,Versiona,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
"I. Communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A1. Tuberculosis,"Cases refer to individuals with clinical tuberculosis, normally pulmonary sputum culture positives and extra-pulmonary cases",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
HIV sero-negative cases,HIV sero-negative cases,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
HIV sero-positive cases,HIV sero-positive cases,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A2a. Syphilis,Acute and chronic infection with Treponema pallidum,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Congenital syphilis,Syphilis in the newborn due to maternal-fetal transmission in utero,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Low birthweight,"Birthweight of less than 2,500 g",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Primary,Initial infection in adults resulting in primary chancre at site of inoculation,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Secondary,"Disseminated disease, which appears 2–8 weeks after the primary stage and is usually marked by a rash",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Tertiary—neurologic,Late stage of disease with varied neurological manifestations,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A2b. Chlamydia,"Bacterial infection transmitted vaginally, anally, or perinatally with Chlamydia trachomatis (excludes ocular trachoma)",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cervicitis,Inflammation of the cervix uteri due to Chlamydia trachomatis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Neonatal pneumonia,Pneumonia in infants due to infection with Chlamydia,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ophthalmia neonatorum,"Purulent conjunctivitis in infants less than 30 days, acquired during passage through an infected birth canal",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Low birthweight,"Birthweight of less than 2,500 g",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Pelvic inflammatory disease,Inflammation of the adnexa of the uterus (includes endometritis),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ectopic pregnancy,Pregnancy located outside the uterus,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Tubo-ovarian abscess,Abscess located in the fallopian tubes or ovaries,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Chronic pelvic pain,Chronic pelvic pain following reproductive tract infection with Chlamydia,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Infertility,Total infertility due to Chlamydia-related pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy in women and epididymitis in men.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Symptomatic urethritis,Inflammation of the urethra causing symptoms including dysuria and/or hematuria,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Epididymitis,Inflammation of the sperm ducts,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A2c. Gonorrhea,"Bacterial infection transmitted vaginally, anally, or perinatally with Neisseria gonorrhea",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ophthalmia neonatorum,"Purulent conjunctivitis in infants less than 30 days, acquired during passage through an infected birth canal",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Low birthweight,"Birthweight of less than 2,500 g",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Corneal scar—blindness,Permanent corneal scar resulting from corneal ulceration due to infection with Neisseria gonorrhea and leading to blindness,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Corneal scar—low vision,Permanent corneal scar resulting from corneal ulceration due to infection with Neisseria gonorrhea and leading to low vision,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cervicitis,Inflammation of the cervix uteri due to Neisseria gonorrhea,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Pelvic inflammatory disease,Includes both acute and recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease due to gonorrhea,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ectopic pregnancy,Pregnancy located outside the uterus,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Tubo-ovarian abscess,Abscess located in the fallopian tubes or ovaries,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Chronic pelvic pain,Chronic pelvic pain following reproductive tractinfection with Neisseria gonorrhea,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Infertility,Total infertility due to gonorrhea-related pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy in women and epididymitis in men,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Symptomatic urethritis,Inflammation of the urethra causing symptoms including dysuria and/or hematuria,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Epididymitis,Inflammation of the sperm ducts,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Stricture,Narrowing of the urethra due to urethritis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
 A3. HIV/AIDS,,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
HIV cases,"HIV sero-positive, not yet progressed to AIDS",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
AIDS cases,HIV sero-positive and progressed to AIDS,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
 A4. Diarrheal diseases—episodes,"Episodes of diarrhea including acute watery diarrhea, persistent diarrhea, and dysentery; deaths of children with both measles and diarrhea or both lower respiratory infection and diarrhea are not included in estimates of diarrhea mortality",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A5a. Pertussis,Acute bacterial infection of the respiratory tract with Bordetella pertussis or parapertussis,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Episodes,"Acute bacterial infection of the respiratory tract with Bordetella pertussis or parapertussis, characterized by paroxysmal, violent coughs followed by high-pitched inspiratory whoop",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Encephalopathy,"Degenerative disease of the brain, which in pertussis is usually a result of hypoxia, leading to mental retardation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A5b. Poliomyelitis—lameness,Viral infection characterized by acute flaccid paralysis and proven by isolation of polio virus from stool,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A5c. Diphtheria,Acute disease caused by toxin-producing Corynebacterium diphtheriae,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Episodes,"Acute bacterial disease involving primarily tonsils, pharynx, larynx, nose, and other sites, characterized by grayish plaques or membranes with surrounding tissue inflammation",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Neurological complications,"Polyneuritis involving both cranial and peripheral nerve palsies, which are largely reversible",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Myocarditis,"Inflammation of the heart muscle leading to electrocardiographic aberrations and sometimes permanent damage with congestive heart failure, which may be fatal",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A5d. Measles—episodes,"Acute and highly contagious infection with measles virus characterized by red, blotchy rash, fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A5e. Tetanus—episodes,"Neonatal: infection with Clostridium tetani in infants less than 30 days with progressive difficulty and inability to feed because of trismus, generalized stiffness, spasms, and opisthotonus",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,"Non-neonatal: infection with Clostridium tetani in non-neonates with initial localized spasms lead to general rigidity, opisthotonus, and risus sardonicus",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A6. Meningitis,"Acute bacterial disease with sudden onset and fever, intense headache, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, and—in meningococcal disease—petechial rash with pink macules; must be accompanied by laboratory evidence (in cerebrospinal fluid or blood) of Neisseria meningitidis, Strep pneumoniae, or Haemophilus influenzae type B",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Streptococcus pneumoniae—episodes,"Acute bacterial disease with sudden onset and fever, intense headache, nausea, vomiting, neck stiffness, and—in meningococcal disease—petechial rash with pink macules; must be accompanied by laboratory evidence (in cerebrospinal fluid or blood) of Neisser cerebrospinal fluid or blood) of Strep pneumoniae",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Haemophilus influenzae—episodes,"Acute bacterial disease with sudden onset and fever, intense headache, nausea, vomiting, and neck stiffness; must be accompanied by laboratory evidence (in cerebrospinal fluid or blood) of Haemophilus influenza type B",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Neisseria meningitidis—episodes,"Acute bacterial disease with sudden onset and fever, intense headache, nausea, vomiting, and neck stiffness; must be accompanied by laboratory evidence (in cerebrospinal fluid or blood) of Neisseria meningitidis",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Meningococcaemia without meningitis—episodes,Invasion of the bloodstream with Neisseria meningitidis.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Deafness,"At least moderate impairment, where person is able to hear and repeat words using raised voice at 1 meter, resulting from meningitis",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Seizure disorder,"Seizures of any type that were present at least six months after hospitalization, resulting from meningitis",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Motor deficit,Spasticity or paresis of one or more limbs resulting from meningitis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Mental retardation,IQ of 70 or below,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A7a. Hepatitis B—episodes,Inflammation of the liver due to Hepatitis B virus,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A7b. Hepatitis C—episodes,Inflammation of the liver due to Hepatitis C virus,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A8. Malaria,Infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Episodes,"Attacks of chills, fever, and sweating due to Plasmodium infection",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Anemia,Defined using WHO criteria for mild to very severe anemia,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Neurological sequelae,"Includes hemiplegia, aphasia, ataxia, and cortical blindness",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A9a. Trypanosomiasis—episodes,"Infection with protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma, excluding T. cruzi",1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A9b. Chagas’ disease,Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Infection,Episode of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cardiomyopathy without congestive heart failure,Disorder of the heart muscle resulting from infection with T. cruzi without congestive heart failure,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cardiomyopathy with congestive heart failure,Disorder of the heart muscle resulting from infection with T. cruzi with congestive heart failure,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Megaviscera,"Dilation of interior organ in the abdominal cavity, particularly of esophagus and colon, due to T. cruzi",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A9c. Schistosomiasis—infection,"Infection and associated direct mortality from schistosomiasis; does not include estimates of mortality from bladder cancer, cirrhosis, or colon cancer that may be related to schistosomiasis",1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A9d. Leishmaniasis,Infection with flagellate protozoa of the genus Leishmania,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Visceral,Generalized involvement of the reticulo-endothelial system due to infection with Leishmania,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cutaneous,Presence of skin lesions (which may ulcerate) due to infection with Leishmania,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A9e. Lymphatic filariasis,Infection with filariae (Wucheria bancrofti and Brugia malayi),1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Hydrocele > 15cm,Circumscribed collection of fluid in testicle or along the spermatic cord due to filariasis,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Bancroftian lymphoedema,Swelling of subcutaneous tissues due to the presence of excessive lymph fluid as a result of infection with Wucheria bancrofti,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Brugian lymphedema,Swelling of subcutaneous tissues due to the presence of excessive lymph fluid as a result of infection with Brugia malaye,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A9f. Onchocerciasis,Infection with worms of the genus Onchocerca,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Blindness,"Inability to distinguish the fingers of a hand at a distance of 3 meters, or less than 5 percent of remaining vision as compared to a normally sighted individual, as a result of infection with Onchocerca volvulus",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Itching,Itchy dermatitis as a result of infection with Onchocerca volvulus,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Low vision,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 6/18 but better than or equal to 3/60 due to infection with Onchocerca volvulus,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A10. Leprosy,Chronic disease resulting from infection with Mycobacterium leprae,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cases,"WHO case definition: Person showing clinical signs of leprosy, with or without bacteriological confirmation of the diagnosis, and requiring chemotherapy",2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Disabling leprosy,Grade 1 and 2 of WHO grades of disability for leprosy,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A11. Dengue,Mosquito-born disease caused by viruses of the family Flaviviridae,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Dengue hemorrhagic fever,"Severe manifestation of dengue infection characterized by multiple hemorrhages and potentially followed by circulatory failure, neurological manifestations, and shock",0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A12. Japanese encephalitis,Mosquito-born encephalitis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus,0,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Episodes,Episode of Japanese encephalitis infection,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cognitive impairment,Reduced cognitive function resulting from encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Neurological sequelae,Neurological deficits resulting from encephalitis due to Japanese encephalitis virus,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A13. Trachoma,Cases of follicular or inflammatory trachoma,2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Blindness,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 3/60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Low vision,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 6/18 but better than or equal to 3/60,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A14a. Ascariasis,Infection with roundworms of the genus Ascaris,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
High-intensity infection,Infection resulting in at least 20–40 worms per stool load,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Contemporaneous cognitive deficit,"Reduction in cognitive ability in school-age children, which occurs only while infection persists",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cognitive impairment,"Delayed psychomotor development and impaired performance in language skills, motor skills, and coordination equivalent to a 5- to 10-point deficit in IQ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Intestinal obstruction,Blockage of the intestines due to worm mass,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A14b. Trichuriasis,Infection with the whipworm Trichuris trichiura,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
High-intensity infection,Infection resulting in at least 250–500 worms per stool load,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Contemporaneous cognitive deficit,"Reduction in cognitive ability in school-age children, which occurs only while infection persists",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Massive dysentery syndrome,Rectal prolapse and/or tenesmus and/or bloody mucoid stools due to carpeting of intestinal mucosa by worms,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cognitive impairment,"Delayed psychomotor development and impaired performance in language skills, motor skills, and coordination equivalent to a 5- to 10-point deficit in IQ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
A14c. Hookworm disease,Infection with hookworms of the genus Ancylostomiasis and Necatoriasis,1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
High-intensity infection,Infection resulting in at least 80–160 worms per stool load,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Anemia,Anemia due to hookworm infection,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Cognitive impairment,"Delayed psychomotor development and impaired performance in language skills, motor skills, and coordination equivalent to a 5- to 10-point deficit in IQ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
B1. Lower respiratory infections,,2
Episodes,Episode of lower respiratory infection,
Chronic sequelae,Includes bronchiectasis and impaired lung function as measured by a decrease in forced expiratory volume,
B2. Upper respiratory infections,,2
Episodes,Episode of upper respiratory infection,
Pharyngitis,Inflammation of the pharynx,
B3. Otitis media,Inflammation of the middle ear,0
Episodes,Episodes of acute otitis media,
Deafness,"At least moderate impairment, where person is able to hear and repeat words using raised voice at 1 meter, resulting from otitis media",
C1. Maternal hemorrhage,,2
Episodes,All episodes of antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage,
Severe anemia,Blood hemoglobin level <10 mg/dl following postpartum hemorrhage,
C2. Maternal sepsis,,2
Episodes,"Major puerperal infection, excluding infection following abortion, minor genital tract infection following delivery, and urinary tract infections following delivery",
Infertility,"Failure to conceive again after a previous conception (secondary infertility), caused by maternal sepsis",
C3. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy—episodes,Includes pre-eclampsia and eclampsia,2
C4. Obstructed labor,,2
Episodes,Labor with no advance of the presenting part of the fetus despite strong uterine contractions,
Cesarean section for obstructed labor,Cases of obstructed labor for which cesarean section has been performed,
Stress incontinence,Cases with leaking of urine during coughing or sneezing,
Rectovaginal fistula,Cases with a communication between the vaginal wall and the bladder/rectum resulting from obstructed labor,
C5. Abortion,,2
Episodes,Episodes of unsafe abortion (termination of an unwanted pregnancy either by persons lacking the necessary skills or in an environment lacking the necessary standards or both),
Infertility,Failure to conceive following unsafe abortion,
Reproductive tract infection,Cases of reproductive tract infection resulting from unsafe abortion,
D1. Low birthweight—all sequelae,"Birthweight below 2,500 g, including small-for-gestational-age infants and premature infants (all developmental sequelae due to low birthweight have been clustered into one outcome, which includes cerebral palsy, mental retardation, epilepsy, hearing loss, and vision loss)",2
D2. Birth asphyxia and birth trauma—all,All developmental sequelae due to birth asphyxia and birth trauma have been,2
sequelae,"clustered into one outcome, which includes cerebral palsy, mental retardation, epilepsy, hearing loss, and vision loss",
E1. Protein-energy malnutrition,,2
Wasting,Observed weight for height at least 2 standard deviations below the mean for children ages 0–5,
Stunting,Observed height for age at least 2 standard deviations below the mean for children ages 0–5,
Developmental disability,"Limited physical and mental ability to perform most activities in all of the following areas: recreation, education, procreation, or occupation",
E2. Iodine deficiency,,2
Goiter grades 1 and 2,Cases of goiter grade 1 (a mass in the neck consistent with an enlarged thyroid—grade 1: palpable but not visible) and grade 2 (a mass in the neck consistent with an enlarged thyroid—grade 2: palpable and visible in neutral neck position),
Mild developmental disability,Any of the following due to iodine deficiency:,
,"Bilateral hearing loss, delay of walking ability, mild intellectual impairment",
Cretinoidism,Hypothyroid cretinism: Hypothyroidism and stunting as a result of iodine deficiency,
,"Neurological cretinism: Mental deficiency (IQ below 70), deaf-mutism, and spastic paralysis as a result of iodine deficiency",
Cretinism,Some but not all features of full cretinism as a result of iodine deficiency,
E3. Vitamin A deficiency,,2
Xerophthalmia,"All ocular manifestations of vitamin A deficiency: night blindness, Bitot’s spots, corneal xerosis, corneal ulceration, and corneal scarring",
Corneal scar,Permanent corneal scar resulting from corneal ulceration due to vitamin A deficiency and potentially leading to blindness,
E4. Iron-deficiency anemia,,2
Mild,"Hemoglobin of 100–109 g/l in pregnant women, 110–119 g/l in children and adult women, and 120–129 g/l in adult men",
Moderate,"Hemoglobin of 70–99 g/l in pregnant women, 80–109 g/l in children and adult women, and 90–119 g/l in adult men",
Severe,"Hemoglobin of 40–69 g/l in pregnant women, 50–79 g/l in children and adult women, and 60–89 g/l in adult men",
Cognitive impairment,"Delayed psychomotor development and impaired performance in language skills, motor skills, and coordination equivalent to a 5- to 10-point deficit in IQ",
II. Noncommunicable diseases,,
A. Malignant neoplasms sequelae,,2
Diagnosis and primary therapy,"Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery",
Control,Clinical observation during control/remission phase,
Preterminal (metastasis),Metastatic dissemination of the disease,
Terminal,Terminal stage prior to death,
Mastectomy,Mastectomy in five-year breast cancer survivor,
Infertility,"Infertility in five-year survivor of cervical, uterine, or ovarian cancer",
Incontinence or impotence,Incontinence or impotence in five-year survivor of prostate cancer,
Stoma,Stoma in five-year survivor of digestive system cancer,
C. Diabetes mellitus,,2
Cases,Venous plasma concentration of ? 11.1 mmol/l 2 h after a 75 g oral glucose challenge,
Diabetic foot,Chronic or recurring diabetic foot ulcers,
Neuropathy,"Loss of reflexes and vibration; damage and dysfunction of sensory, motor, or autonomic nerves attributable to diabetes",
Retinopathy—blindness,Retinopathy: Microaneurysms or worse lesions in at least one eye; progressive damage of the small blood vessels of the retina,
,"Blindness: Unable to distinguish the fingers of a hand at the distance of 3 meters, or has less than 5 percent of remaining vision as compared to a normally sighted individual; visual acuity of less than 3/60 or corresponding visual field loss in the better eye with best possible correction",
Amputation,Surgical elimination of the lower extremity or part of it due to gangrene,
E1. Unipolar depressive disorders,,2
Mild episode,Mild major depressive episode (ICD-10 codes F 32.0 and F 33.0),
Moderate episode,Moderate major depressive episode (ICD-10 codes F 32.1 and F 33.1),
Severe episode,"Severe major depressive episode (ICD-10 codes F 32.2 , F 32.3, F 33.2 and F 33.3)",
Dysthymia,Dysthymia case with no concurrent major depressive episode,
E2. Bipolar affective disorder—cases,Cases meeting ICD-10 criteria,2
E3. Schizophrenia—cases,Cases meeting ICD-10 criteria,2
E4. Epilepsy—cases,Cases meeting ILAE definition,1
,"Cases meeting ICD-10 criteria for alcohol dependence and harmful use (F10.1 and F 10.2), excluding cases with comorbid depressive episode",
E6. Alzheimer’s and other dementias—cases,"Mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimer’s disease; senility; and other dementias",2
E7. Parkinson’s disease—cases,Cases meeting clinical criteria for Parkinson’s disease,1
E8. Multiple sclerosis—cases,Cases of chronic or intermittent relapsing multiple sclerosis,1
E9. Drug use disorders,"Cases meeting ICD-10 criteria for opioid dependence and harmful use (F 11.1 F11.2) or cocaine dependence and harmful use (F 14.1 and F 14.2), excluding cases with comorbid depressive episode",2
E10. Post-traumatic stress disorder—cases,"Cases meeting DSM IV criteriab for post-traumatic stress disorder, excluding cases with comorbid depressive episode or alcohol and drug use (harmful and/or dependence)",2
E11. Obsessive-compulsive disorder—cases,"Cases meeting ICD-10 criteria (F 42), excluding cases with comorbid depressive episode",2
E12. Panic disorder—cases,"Cases meeting ICD-10 criteria for panic disorder (F 41.0) or agoraphobia with panic disorder (F 40.01), excluding cases with comorbid depressive episode.",2
E13. Insomnia (primary),Cases meeting DSM IV criteria for primary insomnia (307.42) where the insomnia causes problems with usual activities; excludes cases with comorbid depressive episode or alcohol and drug use (harmful and/or dependence),2
E14. Migraine,Cases meeting IHS definition for migraine,2
E15. Mild mental retardation attributable to lead exposure,IQ in the range of 50–69 attributable to childhood lead exposure,2
F1. Glaucoma,Cases of primary angle closure glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma ,2
Low vision,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 6/18 but better than or equal to 3/60,
Blindness,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 3/60,
F2. Cataracts,Cases of senile cataract causing progressive visual impairment,2
Low vision,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 6/18 but better than or equal to 3/60,
Blindness,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 3/60,
"F3. Vision disorders, age-related","Low vision or blindness due to macular degeneration, refractive errors, or other age-related causes; excludes sight loss due to congenital causes, other diseases, or injury",2
Low vision,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 6/18 but better than or equal to 3/60,
Blindness,Corrected visual acuity in the better eye of less than 3/60,
"F4. Hearing loss, adult onset","Cases of adult onset hearing loss due to aging or noise exposure; excludes hearing loss due to congenital causes, infectious diseases, other diseases, or injury",2
"Mild hearing loss, untreated","Hearing threshold level in the better ear is 41–60 dBHTL (averaged over 0.5, 1, 2, 4kHz) (some difficulty understanding or actively participating in a conversation with one person, great difficulty with more than one person); person does not use a hearing aid",
"Moderate hearing loss, treated","Hearing threshold level in the better ear is 41–60 dBHTL (averaged over 0.5, 1, 2, 4kHz) (some difficulty understanding or actively participating in a conversation with one person, great difficulty with more than one person); person uses a hearing aid",
"Severe or profound hearing loss,","Hearing threshold level in the better ear is 61 dBHTL or more (averaged over 0.5,",
untreated,"1, 2, 4kHz) (great difficulty or unable to understand or participate in a conversation with one other person); person does not use a hearing aid",
"Severe or profound hearing loss,","Hearing threshold level in the better ear is 61 dBHTL or more (averaged over 0.5,",
treated,"1, 2, 4kHz) (great difficulty or unable to understand or participate in a conversation with one other person); person uses a hearing aid",
G1. Rheumatic heart disease,Symptomatic cases of congestive heart failure due to rheumatic heart disease,0
G2. Hypertensive heart disease,Symptomatic cases of congestive heart failure due to hypertensive heart disease,0
G3. Ischemic heart disease,,2
Acute myocardial infarction,Definite and possible episodes of acute myocardial infarction according to MONICA study criteria,
Angina pectoris,Cases of clinically diagnosed angina pectoris or definite angina pectoris according to Rose questionnaire,
Congestive heart failure,Mild and greater (Killip scale k2–k4),
G4. Cerebrovascular disease,,2
First-ever stroke cases,"First-ever stroke according to WHO definition; includes subarachnoid hemorrhage, but excludes transient ischemic attacks, subdural hematoma, and hemorrhage or infarction due to infection or tumor",
Long-term stroke survivors,Persons who survive more than 28 days after first-ever stroke,
G5. Inflammatory heart diseases,,0
Myocarditis,Symptomatic cases of congestive heart failure due to myocarditis,
Pericarditis,Symptomatic cases of congestive heart failure due to pericarditis,
Endocarditis,Symptomatic cases of congestive heart failure due to endocarditis,
Cardiomyopathy,Symptomatic cases of congestive heart failure due to cardiomyopathy,
H1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—symptomatic cases,Chronic (stable) airways obstruction with FEV1 <  liter (corresponding to symptomatic disability),2
H2. Asthma—cases,"Reported wheeze in the last 12 months plus current bronchial hyperresponsiveness, defined as a 20 percent fall in FEV1 with a provoking concentration of histamine (PC20) at 8 mg/ml or less",1
I1. Peptic ulcer disease,"Individuals with peptic ulcers, most of whom have recurrent intermittent symptoms",0
Cases with antibiotic treatment,Active gastric or peptic duodenal ulcer receiving appropriate antibiotic treatment,
Cases not treated with antibiotic,Other active gastric or peptic duodenal ulcer; includes untreated cases and cases,
,receiving symptomatic treatment,
I2. Cirrhosis of the liver—symptomatic cases,Individuals with symptomatic cirrhosis,0
I3. Appendicitis—episodes,Episodes of acute appendicitis (treated or untreated),0
J1. Nephritis and nephrosis,,0
Acute glomerulonephritis,Acute episode of glomerulonephritis,
End-stage renal disease,"End-stage renal failure with or without dialysis, excluding diabetic nephropathy and nephropathy due to cancers, congenital conditions, and injury",
J2. Benign prostatic hypertrophy—symptomatic cases,"Individuals with some, albeit intermittent, symptoms from benign prostatic hypertrophy",0
L1. Rheumatoid arthritis—cases,Definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis by 1958 ARA or 1987 ACR criteria,2
L2. Osteoarthritis,,2
Hip,"Symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip, radiologically confirmed as Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2–4",
Knee,"Symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee, radiologically confirmed as Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2–4",
L3. Gout,Cases of gout (ARA 1977 survey criteria; at least 6 of 11 symptoms),1
L4. Low back pain,,1
Episode of limiting low back pain,"Acute episode of low back pain resulting in moderate or greater limitations to mobility and usual activities; excludes low back pain due to intervertebral disc displacement or herniation, and low back pain that does not result in some limitations to mobility and usual activities",
Acute intervertebral disc disorder,Episode of intervertebral disc displacement or herniation,
Chronic intervertebral disc disorder,Disorder of intervertebral disc resulting in pain and disability that does not resolve within six weeks following treatment (medical or surgical),
M1. Abdominal wall defect—cases,Live-born cases with exomphalos or gastroschisis,0
M2. Anencephaly—cases,Live-born cases with anencephaly,0
M3. Anorectal atresia—cases,Live-born cases with anorectal atresia,0
M4. Cleft lip—cases,"Live-born cases, includes individuals who have had surgical correction",0
M5. Cleft palate—cases,"Live-born cases, includes individuals who have had surgical correction",0
M6. Esophageal atresia—cases,Live-born cases with esophageal atresia,0
M7. Renal agenesis—cases,Live-born cases with renal agenesis,0
M8. Down syndrome—cases,Live-born cases with Down syndrome,0
M9. Congenital heart anomalies—cases,Live-born cases with major congenital malformations of the heart,0
M10. Spina bifida—cases,"Live-born cases with spina bifida aperta (low, medium, or high level)",0
N1. Dental caries—episodes,"Episodes per person, not per tooth, quadrant, or sextant",0
N2. Periodontal disease—cases,Pockets greater than 6 mm deep,0
N3. Edentulism—cases,Cases of treated and untreated edentulism (absence of all teeth),0
III. Injuries,,
External cause categories,"Includes injury severe enough to warrant medical attention or that leads immediately to death. In other words, injuries that are severe enough that if an individual had access to a medical facility he or she would seek attentionc",2
A1. Road traffic accidents,Includes crashes and pedestrian injuries due to motor vehicles,2
A2. Poisonings,Only one outcome is included for poisonings,2
A3. Falls,Includes falls resulting from osteoporotic fractures,2
A4. Fires,"Most of the sequelae of fires are due to burns; some individuals, however, jump from buildings or are otherwise injured because of fires",2
A5. Drownings,"Other than drowning and near-drowning rates, the only other major disabling sequelae from near-drowning included is quadriplegia",2
A6. Other unintentional injuries,"This is not a residual category, but includes injuries due to environmental factors, machinery and electrical equipment, cutting and piercing implements, and various other external causes of unintentional injury",2
B1. Self-inflicted injuries,"Suicide attempts, whether or not resulting in death",2
B2. Violence,"Interpersonal violence, including assault and homicide",2
B3. War,Injuries directly attributable to war or organized civil conflict in combatants and noncombatants,2
,,
Type of injury—sequelae,"For each of the external cause categories, injury sequelae defined in terms of type of injury were analyzed. The type of injury sequelae were defined in terms of ICD-9 and ICD-10 nature of injury codes (N-codes) as follows:",
,ICD-9 Code           ICD-10 Code,
,,
GBD cause/sequela,ICD-9 code,ICD-10 code
1. Fractures,,
Skull—short-termd,800 to 801,"S02.0/1/7/9, T90.2"
Skull—long-termd,800 to 801,"S02.0/1/7/9, T90.2"
Face bonesd,802,S02.2/6/8
Vertebral column,805,"S12, S22.0/1, S32.0/7, T91.1"
Rib or sternume,807,S22.2-9
Pelvise,808,"S32.1-5/8, T91.2"
"Clavicle, scapula or humerusf",810–812,"S42, S49.7"
Radius or ulnaf,813,"S52, S59.7, T10, T92.1"
Hand bonesf,814–817,"S62, S69.7, T92.2"
Femur—short-termg,820–821,"S72, S79.7"
Femur—long-termg,820–821,"S72, S79.7"
"Patella, tibia, or fibulag",822–823,"S82.0-4, S82.7/9, S89.7, T12"
Ankleg,824,S82.5-6/8
Foot bonesg,825–826,"S92, S99.7"
2. Injured spinal cord,806 and 952,"S14, S24, S34, T06.0/1, T08, T91.3"
3. Dislocations,,
"Shoulder, elbow, or hip","831, 832, 835","S43, S73"
Other dislocation,"830, 833–834, 836–839","S03.0-3, S13, S23, S33, S53, S63.0/1, S83.1-3, S93.1-3, T03, T11.2, T13.2, T14.3, T92.3, T93.3"
,840–848,"S03.4/5, S16, S29.0, S39.0, S46, S56, S63.5-7, S66, S76, S83.4/7, S86, S93.4/6, S96, T06.4, T11.5, T13.5, T14.6, T92.5, T93.5"
4. Sprains,,
5. Intracranial injuries,,
Short-term,850–854,"S06, T90.5"
Long-term,850–854,"S06, T90.5"
6. Internal injuries,860–869,"S25-S27, S35-S37, S39.6, T06.4, T91.4/5"
7. Open wound,"870, 872–884, 890–894","S01, S08, S11, S15, S21, S31, S41, S45, S51, S55, S61, S65, S71, S75, S81, S85, S91, S95, T01, T11.1/4, T13.5, T14.6, T90.1, T92.5, T93.5"
8. Injury to eyes,,
Short-term,"871, 950","S05, T90.4"
Long-term,"871, 950","S05, T90.4"
9. Amputations,,
Thumb,885,S68.0
Finger,886,S68.1/2
Arm,887,"S48, S58, S68.3-9, T05.0/2, T11.6"
Toeh,895,S98.1/2
Footh,"896, 897.0–1","S98.0/3/4, T05.3"
Legh,897.2–3,"S78, S88, T05.4/6, T13.6"
10. Crushing,925–929,"S07, S17, S28, S38, S47, S57, S67, S77, S87, S97, T04, T14.7, T92.6, T93.6"
11. Burns,,
Less than 20%—short-termi,"940-947, 948.0–1",T31.0/1
Less than 20%—long-termi,"940-947, 948.0–1",T31.0/1
20 to 60%—short-termi,948.2–5,T331.2/5
20 to 60%—long-termi,948.2–5,T331.2/5
Greater than 60%—short-termi,948.6–9,T31.6/9
Greater than 60%—long-termi,948.6–9,T31.6/9
12. Injured nerves,,
Short-term,"951, 953–957","S04, S44, S54, S64, S74, S84, S94, T06.2, T11.3, T13.3, T14.4"
Long-term,"951, 953–957","S04, S44, S54, S64, S74, S84, S94, T06.2, T11.3, T13.3, T14.4"
13. Poisoning,"960–979, 980–989","T36–T65, T96–T97"
Source: Authors’ compilation.,,
"a. Version 0 estimates for YLD are based on epidemiological reviews and disease models from the GBD 1990, adjusted for time trends and internal consistency with 2001 population estimates, and cause-specific and background mortality for 2001. Version 1 estimates for YLD are provisional revised estimates based on new epidemiological reviews and disease models for 2001. These estimates may change with further revisions. Version 2 estimates for YLD are final estimates based on new epidemiological reviews and disease models for 2001. YLL for all causes are based on complete analysis of available mortality data for years up to and including 2002.",,
"b. DSM IV is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fourth Edition (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, C., 1994).",,
c. See table 3A.2 for ICD-9 and ICD-10 definitions.,,
d. The N-codes 803 and 804 were assigned to fractured skull following the distribution of N-codes 801 and 802.,,
"e. The N-code 809 was assigned to fractured rib, sternum, and pelvis following the distribution of N-codes 807 and 808.",,
"f. The N-codes 818 and 819 were assigned to fractured clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, and hand bones following the distribution of N-codes 810–817.",,
"g. The N-codes 827 and 828 were assigned to fractured patella, tibia, fibula, ankle, and foot bones following the distribution of N-codes 822–826.",,
"h. The N-codes 897.4–897.7 were assigned to amputated toe, foot, and leg following the distribution of N-codes 895, 896, and 897.0–897.3.",,
"i. The N-code 949 was assigned to bums following the N-codes 940–948. In ICD-10, burns are classified by site (T20–T30) and/or proportion of body surface affected (T31).",,